ASSESSING THE SEASONAL CONSEQUENCES OF PETROLEUM SPILLAGE ON SOIL AND WATER QUALITY IN ELEME LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

This study assessed the seasonal impact of petroleum spillage on soil and water quality in Eleme Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–15 cm and 15–30 cm from twelve spillage sites and a control site in Elelenwo, while water samples were obtained from boreholes, wells, rivers, and swamps during both dry and wet seasons. Standard laboratory methods were used to analyze physicochemical and biological parameters. Results revealed significant seasonal variations in soil and water properties. Soil in contaminated sites showed lower pH (5.8–6.4 dry; 5.5–6.9 wet), reduced organic matter (1.5% dry; 1.3% wet), and decreased nutrient levels, with higher accumulation of heavy metals. Water samples exhibited reduced dissolved oxygen (7.0 mg/L dry; 5.5 mg/L wet), increased acidity, and elevated hydrocarbon concentrations, particularly in the wet season (0.20 mg/L). These findings indicate that petroleum spillage causes soil acidification, nutrient depletion, and contamination of water resources, with more severe effects during the wet season. The study underscores the urgent need for continuous monitoring, improved remediation strategies, and sustainable management of petroleum resources to safeguard ecosystems and community livelihoods in the Niger Delta.