Assessing the Risk of Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals in Commercial Baby Formula in Malawi

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and some heavy metals disturb important life functions such as reproduction, metabolism, and growth by interfering with the normal functionality of the human hormonal system. These toxic and persistent chemicals used in agricultural and industrial processes, can enter the baby formula and remain effective for extended periods. These EDCs come from environmental contamination and the manufacturing process of the baby formula. Materials and method In this study, we examined the levels and risk of EDC contamination in a sample of 85 baby formula products available in the Malawian market. Extraction was done using the EU CEN 15662 QuEChERS method and then analyzed using gas-liquid chromatography with fluorescence to quantify OCP contamination. For heavy metals, samples were digested and analyzed using the Analytik Jena microwave digestion system (TOPwave_90_09) and an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, respectively. The risk of exposure was computed using a hypothetical consumption of infant formula at 12 and 24 months, and weight ranges of 9.25–12.247 kg with corresponding average daily intakes of 0.057–0.2kg. Results EDC contamination ranged from not detected to 0.3 mg/kg. Common EDCs were Aldrin (23%), dieldrin (27%), and lindane (35%). The risk assessment showed a Hazard Index of 1.2. This suggests higher levels of exposure, are more likely to have lasting effects during human development. The detection levels were above the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended maximum residual limit of 0.01mg/kg. Conclusion Considering the health implications and susceptibility of the babies, it is pertinent to enforce and closely monitor the EDC content of baby formulas in the Malawi market.