Assessing Algerian <i>Ilex aquifolium</i> L.’s phenolic compounds, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties to find a new natural remedy for Alzheimer’s, diabetes and skin diseases

Abstract

This research explored the impact of methanolic extracts from the fruits and leaves of <i>Ilex aquifolium</i> L., a rare Algerian species, on several enzymes, focusing on tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and cholinesterases, as well as their antioxidant potential <i>in vitro</i> assays, including phosphomolybdenum, DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, and MCA. HPLC-DAD analysis identified chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, hesperidin, and quercetin as predominant phenolic components. Both extracts exhibited notable antioxidant properties, up to 250.08 mg TE/g for fruits and 237.08 mg TE/g for leaf extracts. Enzyme inhibitory assays demonstrated significant inhibition against AChE and BChE with maximum activities of 2.34 mg GALAE/g in leaves and 4.32 mg GALAE/g in fruits. Additionally, considerable tyrosinase inhibition was observed in leaves at 39.69 mg KAE/g. These findings highlight <i>I. aquifolium</i> L. as a valuable source for investigating natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors, particularly for possible cosmetics and food additives applications.