article · IET Generation Transmission & Distribution
This review covers the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) and digital twin technologies within electrical power systems. It examines the generalised IoT value chain and smart grid concepts, explaining how IoT systems and digital twin frameworks operate in smart grids. Communication methods are evaluated through a comparison of short-range and long-range transport options. The review details energy management applications across smart homes, buildings, grids, Industry 4.0 environments, transportation, and cities. Furthermore, condition monitoring and diagnosis are explored using three specific operational cases: power transformers, electrical grids, and substations. Additional attention is given to deployments in power electronic systems. To conclude, the review outlines the primary challenges, opportunities, and future research directions for implementing IoT and digital twin solutions in power infrastructure.
Modernising electrical infrastructure requires reliable monitoring and efficient energy management. Connecting physical electrical assets with digital models and IoT communication helps track the health of critical equipment such as transformers and substations. Understanding the design of these interconnected systems assists engineers and utility managers in improving grid oversight, reducing operational risks, and planning future digital upgrades across power networks and urban environments.
The abstract identifies applications in energy management and condition monitoring for grid operators, industrial plant managers, and smart city infrastructure providers. Specific target equipment includes power transformers, substations, and power electronic systems. Because this is a broad review covering existing concepts, cases, and future research challenges rather than a newly tested product, the underlying technologies range from deployed systems to early-stage development, with no specific readiness level established in the text.
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Abstract This paper reviews the applications of Internet of Things (IoT) and digital twin technology in electrical power systems. It begins by discussing the generalized IoT value chain, followed by the terminology of smart grid, with clarifying the role of IoT‐systems and the digital twin structure within the Smart Grid. A comparison between different short‐range and long‐range transports is presented. The paper then discusses the use of IoT and digital twin technology for effective energy management with applications in smart homes, smart buildings, smart grids, smart industries (Industry 4.0), smart transportation and smart cities. Additionally, the paper explores the use of IoT and digital twin technology for condition monitoring and diagnosis (CMD) in electrical power systems. Three different cases are presented for CMD, that is, CMD of power transformers, CMD of electrical grids and CMD of substations. IoT and digital twin applications are also highlighted in power electronic systems. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of applying IoT and digital twin technology to electrical power systems and provides recommendations for future research.
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DOI: 10.1049/gtd2.12940
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