article · Water Environment Research
This study investigated the use of activated carbon derived from Ceratophyllum demersum (CDAC) for removing crystal violet (CV) dye from water. CDAC was characterised by a specific surface area of 190.56 m² g⁻¹ and a mesoporous structure with oxygen- and phosphorus-containing functional groups. Batch experiments showed CDAC could adsorb CV with capacities ranging from 95 to 290 mg g⁻¹, following pseudo-second-order kinetics and favourable isotherm behaviour. Optimisation using Box–Behnken design predicted a maximum adsorption capacity of 258.76 mg g⁻¹ and 86% removal efficiency under specific conditions. Furthermore, germination assays indicated that the treated water had reduced toxicity. The research concludes that CDAC is an effective and sustainable adsorbent for removing CV from aqueous solutions.
Water contamination by toxic and persistent dyes like crystal violet poses a significant environmental threat. This research offers a sustainable and effective method using plant-derived activated carbon to remove such pollutants. Developing efficient and eco-friendly water treatment solutions is crucial for protecting ecosystems and human health.
This research presents an effective and sustainable adsorbent for removing toxic dyes from wastewater, potentially applicable in industrial effluent treatment. The use of plant-derived activated carbon suggests a cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution for water purification. This is early-stage research demonstrating the material's efficacy, with potential for further development towards practical application in water treatment facilities.
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ABSTRACT Water contamination by cationic dyes such as crystal violet (CV) is a significant environmental concern due to their toxicity and persistence. This study investigated and optimized CV adsorption onto Ceratophyllum demersum activated carbon (CDAC) using the Box–Behnken design (BBD) and artificial neural network (ANN) models. CDAC exhibited a specific surface area of 190.56 m 2 g −1 and a mesoporous structure containing oxygen‐ and phosphorus‐bearing functional groups. Batch adsorption experiments showed adsorption capacities ranging from 95 to 290 mg g −1 , with adsorption following pseudo‐second‐order kinetics and exhibiting favorable isotherm behavior. Although the ANN model produced lower prediction errors (≤ 8%) than the BBD model (≥ 20%), the BBD model was considered more reliable given the limited experimental dataset. Optimization predicted a maximum adsorption capacity of 258.76 mg g −1 and a removal efficiency of 86% at an initial CV concentration of 150 mg L −1 , a CDAC dose of 0.5 g L −1 , and a contact time of 10 min. Germination assays using Lens culinaris seeds indicated reduced phytotoxicity after treatment. These results demonstrate that CDAC is an effective and sustainable adsorbent for CV removal from aqueous solutions.
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DOI: 10.1002/wer.70510
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