Antibacterial Activity of Green Synthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria

Abstract

<title>Abstract</title> Using plant extracts in the green synthesis of nanoparticles has become an environmentally acceptable approach. In our study, copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) were synthesized using ethanolic extracts of <italic>Azadirachta indica</italic> and <italic>Simmondsia chinensis</italic>. CuO NP formation was confirmed by the change in color and by UV‒visible spectroscopy (CuO NPs peaked at a wavelength of 344 nm). TEM images confirmed the semispherical shape of the CuO NPs, with particle sizes ranging from 30.9 to 10.7 nm. The antibacterial activity of these NPs was evaluated by using the agar diffusion method against clinical isolates, including methicillin-resistant <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (MRSA), <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</italic>, <italic>Acinetobacter</italic> spp., <italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</italic>, and <italic>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</italic>. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CuO NPs ranged from 62.5 to 125 µg/ml. In contrast, the antioxidant activity and antibiofilm activity of CuO NPs ranged from 31.1 to 92.2% at 125–500 µg/ml and 62.2–95%, respectively, at 125 − 62.5 µg/ml. Our results confirmed that CuO NPs had IC50s of 383.41 ± 3.4 and 402.73 ± 1.86 at 250 µg/mL against the HBF4 cell line. Molecular docking studies with CuO NPs suggested that penicillin-binding protein 4 (PBP4) and beta-lactamase proteins (OXA-48) strongly bind to <italic>S. aureus</italic> and <italic>K. pneumoniae</italic>, respectively, with CuO NPs. Our study confirms the promising use of CuO NPs in treating pathogenic bacteria and that CuO NPs could be possible alternative antibiotics. This study supports the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors in Egypt and worldwide.