article · JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC AND LEGAL STUDIES NORTH-EASTERN UNIVERSITY GOMBE
Methanol and n-hexane leaf extracts of two medicinal plants, Azadirachta indica and Calotropis procera, were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against several multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. The tested pathogens included Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Calotropis procera demonstrated significant antibacterial efficacy, especially against Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with its methanol extracts exhibiting bactericidal properties. Azadirachta indica also showed promising results, particularly against Proteus mirabilis and Salmonella enterica, with methanol extracts outperforming n-hexane extracts. Genetic profiling confirmed the presence of critical carbapenemase resistance genes, namely blaNDM-1, blaSHV, and blaTEM, across the bacterial strains. These results indicate that both plants contain bioactive properties capable of inhibiting resistant bacteria, though clinical validation is required before therapeutic deployment.
Bacterial infections that resist standard antibiotics present a severe global public health challenge. Confirming that extracts from Calotropis procera and Azadirachta indica can inhibit pathogens harbouring potent carbapenemase resistance genes provides valuable evidence for drug discovery. Identifying plant-based agents capable of overcoming existing resistance mechanisms supports the development of alternative therapeutic options.
This research is at an early laboratory stage. It could inform future drug discovery programmes led by pharmaceutical researchers or biotechnology companies focused on addressing antibiotic resistance. Commercial translation remains distant, as active chemical compounds still need to be isolated, formulated, and evaluated through rigorous clinical trials to establish their safety and efficacy before any real-world healthcare product can emerge.
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This study investigates the antibacterial activity and genotypic resistance profiles of methanol and n-hexane leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and Calotropis procera against several multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, including Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Aeromonas hydrophila. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method, while the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined via serial dilution. The results revealed that C. procera exhibited significant antibacterial activity, particularly against P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae, with methanol extracts demonstrating bactericidal effects. A. indica also showed promising activity, especially against P. mirabilis and S. enterica, with methanol extracts being more effective than n-hexane extracts. Genotypic analysis via PCR revealed the presence of resistance genes, including blaNDM-1, blaSHV, and blaTEM, which encode carbapenemases in the tested bacterial strains. These findings highlight the potential of C. procera and A. indica as sources of antibacterial agents against resistant pathogens, emphasizing the need for further clinical studies to validate their therapeutic applications.
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DOI: 10.64290/jsls.v1i1.24
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