article · Frontiers in Pharmacology
Oxidative stress occurs when excess reactive species overwhelm antioxidant defences, triggering inflammation and damaging vital cellular macromolecules. This continuous biological damage contributes significantly to severe chronic conditions, including diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. Non-coding RNAs are now recognised as key regulators of gene expression that actively influence the onset and progression of these disorders, making them valuable therapeutic targets. Natural products offer a diverse reservoir of antioxidants with low toxicity and minimal side effects, presenting an appealing route for disease management. Multiple natural compounds, such as curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, and baicalein, exert therapeutic effects by modulating non-coding RNAs. However, other active compounds and numerous disease-linked non-coding RNAs remain completely unexamined in this specific regulatory context. Exploring these uncharted molecular interactions could significantly enhance the therapeutic valorisation of natural products against chronic inflammatory and oxidative conditions.
Chronic conditions like cancer and diabetes cause substantial global disease burdens through persistent oxidative stress and inflammation. By detailing how common plant-derived compounds regulate non-coding RNAs, this work highlights biological mechanisms that could be exploited to develop safer, plant-inspired therapies with fewer adverse side effects than conventional synthetic drugs.
The research serves early-stage drug discovery and nutraceutical formulation by identifying specific plant-derived molecules and RNA regulatory targets. Pharmaceutical developers and dietary supplement manufacturers could use these insights to design targeted therapeutic candidates for inflammatory diseases. Because the underlying evidence is drawn from exploratory mechanistic research, practical applications remain at an early laboratory stage requiring substantial pre-clinical and clinical validation.
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Oxidative stress is a state in which oxidants are produced in excess in the body’s tissues and cells, resulting in a biological imbalance amid the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) from redox reactions. In case of insufficient antioxidants to balance, the immune system triggers signaling cascades to mount inflammatory responses. Oxidative stress can have deleterious effects on major macromolecules such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, hence, Oxidative stress and inflammation are among the multiple factors contributing to the etiology of several disorders such as diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) which were once referred to as dark matter have been found to function as key regulators of gene expression through different mechanisms. They have dynamic roles in the onset and development of inflammatory and oxidative stress-related diseases, therefore, are potential targets for the control of those diseases. One way of controlling those diseases is through the use of natural products, a rich source of antioxidants that have drawn attention with several studies showing their involvement in combating chronic diseases given their enormous gains, low side effects, and toxicity. In this review, we highlighted the natural products that have been reported to target ncRNAs as mediators of their biological effects on oxidative stress and several inflammation-associated disorders. Those natural products include Baicalein, Tanshinone IIA, Geniposide, Carvacrol/Thymol, Triptolide, Oleacein, Curcumin, Resveratrol, Solarmargine, Allicin, aqueous extract or pulp of Açai, Quercetin, and Genistein. We also draw attention to some other compounds including Zanthoxylum bungeanum , Canna genus rhizome, Fuzi-ganjiang herb pair, Aronia melanocarpa , Peppermint, and Gingerol that are effective against oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders, however, have no known effect on ncRNAs. Lastly, we touched on the many ncRNAs that were found to play a role in oxidative stress and inflammation-related disorders but have not yet been investigated as targets of a natural product. Shedding more light into these two last points of shadow will be of great interest in the valorization of natural compounds in the control and therapy of oxidative stress- and inflammation-associated disorders.
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DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1144836
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