article · Water Science & Technology
Pollution from rising global waste presents severe challenges to environmental sustainability and human health. Conventional remediation techniques that rely on chemical, physical, and biological methods often suffer from high operational costs, disposal difficulties, maintenance burdens, and the generation of secondary pollutants. Furthermore, removing multiple contaminants typically demands time-consuming, multi-stage processes. Nanotechnology presents a sustainable alternative by enabling the complete degradation of pollutants without creating secondary waste. Nanoparticles provide extensive, modifiable reactive sites suited to adsorption, photocatalytic reactions, and disinfection. While existing literature predominantly examines chemically synthesised metallic nanoparticles, their adsorption limits, and toxicity concerns, biogenic metallic nanoparticles offer an alternative approach. Examining biogenic metallic nanoparticles clarifies their current role and effectiveness in water treatment and purification processes.
Clean water access is threatened by growing waste generation and persistent environmental contamination. Traditional treatment methods frequently introduce secondary toxins or require costly, complicated operations. Understanding sustainable alternatives, such as biogenic metallic nanoparticles, helps water managers and environmental authorities explore greener, more efficient purification techniques capable of breaking down pollutants safely and protecting public health.
Biogenic metallic nanoparticles offer potential applications in industrial and municipal water treatment facilities for pollutant adsorption, catalytic breakdown, and disinfection. Potential users include water utilities, environmental remediation enterprises, and sanitation authorities. As this work is a broad review surveying the current state of the art, the technology remains largely at the exploratory or early-stage research phase, requiring further testing before commercial integration into existing treatment infrastructure.
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The environment is fundamental to human existence, and protecting it from dangerous contaminants should be a top priority for all stakeholders. Reducing garbage output has helped, but as the world's population grows, more waste will be generated. Tons of waste inadvertently and advertently received by environmental matrixes adversely affect the sustainable environment. The pollution caused by these activities affects the environment and human health. Conventional remediation processes ranging from chemical, physical, and biological procedures use macroaggregated materials and microorganisms to degrade or remove pollutants. Undesirable limitations of expensiveness, disposal challenges, maintenance, and formation of secondary contaminants abound. Additionally, multiple stages of treatments to remove different contaminants are time-consuming. The need to avoid these limitations and shift towards sustainable approaches brought up nanotechnology options. Currently, nanomaterials are being used for environmental rejuvenation that involves the total degradation of pollutants without secondary pollution. As nanoparticles are primed with vast and modifiable reactive sites for adsorption, photocatalysis, and disinfection, they are more useful in remediating pollutants. Review articles on metallic nanoparticles usually focus on chemically synthesized ones, with a particular focus on their adsorption capacity and toxicities. Therefore, this review evaluates the current status of biogenic metallic nanoparticles for water treatment and purification.
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DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.255
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