An Enhanced Rothe–Jacobi Spectral Algorithm for Hyperbolic Telegraphic Models with Variable Coefficients: Balancing Temporal and Spatial Convergence

Abstract

This study introduces a high-order numerical scheme for solving 1D second-order hyperbolic telegraph equations (HTEs) with variable coefficients. We employ a generalized temporal discretization (TD) of order p via the Rothe approach, combined with a spatial spectral collocation (SCM) method using generalized shifted Jacobi polynomials (GSJPs). By utilizing a Galerkin-type basis that structurally satisfies homogeneous boundary conditions (HBCs)—including Dirichlet or Neumann types—we achieve a global error bound of O((Δτ)p+N−s), where Δτ denotes the temporal step size and s represents the spatial regularity of the exact solution (ExaS). The proposed algorithm, Rothe-GSJP, allows for an optimal balance between the temporal and spatial parameters, minimizing computational effort for high-precision engineering applications such as Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) modeling. Numerical experiments performed on an i9-10850 workstation show that the scheme always reaches the machine precision floor of 10−16. While the framework supports temporal orders up to p=6, the results indicate that p∈{2,3,4} provides an optimal balance between high-order precision and absolute stability. The Rothe-GSJP method proves to be a robust, efficient, and highly accurate alternative to traditional solvers for hyperbolic systems.