Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Decomposition as Green Propellant

Abstract

Thermal decomposition of eco-friendly propellants such us ammonium dinitramide (ADN) aims to replace hydrazine in satellite systems. ADN, with formula [NH4]+[N(NO2)2]−, is a promising high-performance rocket propellant. It decomposes cleanly, producing gases such as NH3, H2O, NO, N2O, NO2, HONO, and HNO3, making it an attractive alternative to ammonium perchlorate (AP) and hydrazine. This chapter reviews catalyst systems for ADN decomposition, focusing on efficiency and thermal stability. Various catalysts, including metal oxides, transition metal complexes, and nanomaterials, enhance ADN decomposition. Iron and copper oxides lower decomposition temperatures, crucial for energy-efficient propellant compositions. Ruthenium and palladium complexes support homogeneous catalysis. Nanomaterials with high specific surface areas and distinct electronic activity improve ADN decomposition. Alloying carbon nanotubes with metals or using noble metal nanoparticles enhances decomposition rates at lower temperatures while maintaining thermal stability.