Alzheimer’s disease and apitherapy: the therapeutic effect of various honeybee products

Abstract

) deposition through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. Pinocembrin a compound of propolis, plays a role in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-B) suppression of microglial activation via its proteolytic degradation and even enhances synaptic plasticity. Phospholipase A2 and melittin inhibited the acetylcholinesterase activity by raising the level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Royal jelly has a neurotrophic impact, proven to promote neuroprogenitor cell proliferation, while bee pollen enhances cognitive function via extracellular signal-regulated kinase- cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (ERK-CREB) signaling. Apilarnil can protect and stimulate nerves and possesses anti-inflammatory properties. Despite the notion that apitherapy has a promising role in the management of, challenges including standardization, bioavailability, and clinical validation, warrant more attention prior to the implication in the drug discovery field.