Ag–Cu Based Nanoparticles as Emerging Dual-Action Therapeutics: Advances in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Applications

Abstract

The escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance and the global burden of cancer necessitate the development of innovative, multifunctional therapeutics. Silver–copper (Ag–Cu) based nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as promising dual-action agents with potent antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Recent progress in green, chemical, and physical synthesis methods has enhanced the structural control and functional performance of Ag–Cu NPs, facilitating their biomedical applicability. The physicochemical synergy between Ag and Cu enables a range of antimicrobial mechanisms, including membrane disruption through metal ion interaction and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced lipid peroxidation, DNA and protein damage via ion release and oxidative stress, enzyme inhibition through thiol and carboxyl group binding, and biofilm eradication through penetration of extracellular polymeric matrices. In cancer therapeutics, Ag–Cu NPs induce ROS-mediated apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell cycle arrest, and anti-metastatic effects via matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) suppression. Enhanced selectivity toward cancer cells is attributed to elevated oxidative stress tolerance and increased nanoparticle uptake via endocytosis. Incorporation into nanocarriers and combination therapies further improves bioavailability and targeted delivery, enabling co-administration with chemotherapeutics. However, cytotoxicity to healthy tissues remains a significant concern, influenced by particle size, surface chemistry, dose, and route of administration. Surface modification with biocompatible polymers and green synthesis strategies have shown promise in improving biocompatibility. Despite these advances, challenges persist in clinical translation, including standardization of synthesis, long-term toxicity data, and regulatory approval. Future directions involve the development of stimuli-responsive systems, biodegradable coatings, and AI-driven nanoparticle design for precision nanomedicine.