Advancing Climate-resilient Energy Transitions: A Systematic Review of Mini-grid Design and Implementation

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive systematic review of the role of mini-grid systems in enhancing energy resilience amid increasing climate variability, with a focus on low- and middle-income countries. Using a synthesis of 40 rigorously selected and verifiable empirical studies from Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America, the research investigates three interlinked dimensions: (1) technological innovations and design adaptations, (2) policy, governance, and socio-economic considerations, and (3) barriers and constraints to mini-grid deployment. The technological analysis reveals that hybrid renewable energy systems—especially those combining solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines, and advanced battery storage—offer measurable improvements in system reliability, efficiency, and climate adaptability. Smart grid technologies and predictive control systems further optimize performance, reduce energy losses, and increase operational durability under variable climate conditions. On the governance front, the study identifies that supportive regulatory frameworks, community ownership models, and gender-inclusive practices significantly enhance the sustainability and local acceptance of mini-grids. Case studies across diverse regions demonstrate that participatory planning, clear institutional mandates, and access to community finance reduce project abandonment and increase user engagement. Despite these advancements, several key persistence barriers include concessional capital, fragmented regulatory environments, limited technical and managerial capacity among others. These systemic constraints not only limit scalability but also undermine efforts to integrate climate risk planning into energy infrastructure. The study concludes that while technological progress is critical, it must be embedded within a broader ecosystem of supportive policies, institutional coordination, and socially inclusive practices. A siloed focus on infrastructure alone is insufficient. Instead, the development of climate-resilient mini-grid systems must be approached holistically—linking technical design with policy innovation, financial reform, and community participation. Such integrated strategies are essential for delivering reliable, equitable, and sustainable energy access.