Advances in Understanding and Treating Multiple Sclerosis: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease resulting in neurodegeneration accompanied by chronic inflammatory response, apoptosis and neuronal loss. It is characterized by number of signs including paresthesia, spastic paralysis, cognitive impairment, and functional deficits. More than 2 million people worldwide suffering from the disease. The generation and development of MS are heterogeneous and manifold. Aim and concept of review: The aim of this review is to provide detailed information about the pathophysiology, different treatments and protective agents as well animal models used for studying multiple sclerosis in pharmacological experiments. Furthermore, the review sheds light on the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease including infiltration of immune cells and expression of inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers that represent a significant indication of the disease. Conclusion: The review concluded with the potential therapeutic and neuroprotective approaches of management of multiple sclerosis. It provides future perspective concerning with controlling the incidence of multiple sclerosis.