Advances in MXene‐Based Electrochemical Sensors for Environmental Monitoring of Heavy Metal Ions

Abstract

Due to their non‐biodegradable nature and significant risks to human health and environmental safety, the rapid and accurate detection of heavy metal ions (HMIs) is essential. While traditional analytical techniques have high sensitivity, they are often expensive, time‐consuming, and inadequate for monitoring in real time or on‐site. The latter is generally not effective. EC sensors have become more viable options due to their low cost, portability, rapid response, and high sensitivity. Two‐dimensional nanomaterials and other developments in electrode materials have greatly enhanced the analytical capabilities of these sensing platforms. In this review, a detailed analysis of recent developments in MXene‐based electrochemical sensors for the detection of HMI is presented reported between 2020 and 2026. This paper highlights the importance of material engineering approaches such as surface functionalization, composite formation and structural design but also emphasizes the underlying sensing mechanisms. The analytical performance of these sensors, including their sensitivity and selectivity, detection limits, or real‐sample applicability, is critically discussed. In addition, the main issues concerning MXene restacking, long‐term stability and interference effects in complex matrices are examined.