Adequacy and determinants of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Education and services delivery in peri-urban primary schools of Lusaka district, Zambia

Abstract

ABSTRACT Inadequate provision of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Education (WASHE) in schools can lead to increased morbidity and mortality among learners. This study explored the adequacy gap and the determinants of WASHE and services delivery in selected schools in peri-urban areas of Lusaka, Zambia. A qualitative case study was conducted involving 89 participants, including school administrators, teachers, learners, and government officials. Data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions, and observations. Data were analysed thematically. The study revealed disparities in the delivery of WASHE. Only one school had adequate facilities; two schools faced erratic water supplies. All schools had higher toilet learner ratios for both boys and girls. Challenges included limited financial support, reliance on donor funding, and vandalism. These resulted in shortages of soap, washing facilities, and WASH education materials among others. A fragile, donor-dependent funding model undermined the delivery of WASHE in schools. This lack of sustainable finance means that positive factors cannot overcome the inadequacy of facilities and services necessary to make hygiene education practical. The system requires a policy shift from project-based aid to non-donor WASH funding incorporated in school budgets, combined with community engagement to ensure hygienic practices extend from school to home.