Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) in Vocational Training: Preparing the Workforce for Industry 4.0 and Future Industry 5.0

Abstract

The advent of Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) in vocational training and education (VET) is increasing in importance in the harmonization of employees' skills with the changing needs of Industry 4.0 and the innovative models of Industry 5.0. This paper examines the transformational potential of Additive Manufacturing (AM) as a technology tool and pedagogical medium in vocational environments. Drawing on socio-technical systems theory and constructivist learning models, the research investigates how Additive Manufacturing promotes experiential, iterative learning as well as the building of key competencies like digital literacy, design thinking, and problem-solving. It also investigates how Additive Manufacturing responds to the skill gaps revealed by global industrial transformation, with a focus on its intersection with smart manufacturing, digital twins, and cyber-physical systems. Furthermore, the research addresses the Additive Manufacturing role in preparing for Industry 5.0, which emphasizes human-centered innovation, sustainability, and the meeting point of modern technology and human imagination. Recent empirical evidence and policy recommendations from the European Commission, OECD, and UNESCO-UNEVOC, all of which emphasize the need for a responsive and forward-looking VET system, support the research. In conclusion, this study views Additive Manufacturing as an industrial transformation enabler and available workforce development, rather than as a technical innovation of vocational training and education.