Activity of <i>Coriandrum sativum</i> methanolic leaf extracts against <i>Eimeria papillata</i> : a combined <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in silico</i> approach

Abstract

Abstract Eimeriosis, caused by Eimeria spp., poses significant risks to veterinary health, and the frequent usage of coccidiostats has resulted in medication resistance. Therefore, this research studied the in vitro and in silico effects of Coriandrum sativum leaf extracts (CE), alongside an anticoccidial drug (amprolium) and several commercial disinfectants against Eimeria papillata oocysts. CE was analyzed using Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The anti-eimerial activity was assessed by incubating non-sporulated E. papillata oocysts with the CE and commercial disinfectants like ethanol, formalin, phenol and Dettol™. GC-MS identified various known anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial compounds in CE. The highest concentration (400 mg/mL) of CE was more effective than amprolium in inhibiting sporulation with a significant value after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. Commercial disinfectants also showed varying efficacy of sporulation. Light and FESEM micrographs revealed wall deformation and sporocysts destruction correlating with CE concentrations. In silico molecular docking revealed that Some CE phytochemicals including glycerol 1-palmitate; Linolenic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl) ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z)-; 4,4,5,8-Tetramethylchroman-2-ol; Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl-(; and Octadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester exhibited moderate binding affinity to TPK1 with docking scores equal to −5.590, −4.699, −4.611, −4.230, and −4.162 kcal/mol, respectively for thiamine pyrophosphokinase 1 (Tpk1), though none exceeded amprolium’s binding affinity. In conclusion, CE may have significant in vitro anticoccidial efficacy against E. papillata due to its ability to reduce sporulation percentage and robust inhibitory effect on the TPK1 protein.