Acne Vulgaris in Adolescents: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Background: Acne vulgaris is a prevalent dermatological condition affecting up to 85% of adolescents, significantly impacting their psychological and social well-being. Its multifactorial pathogenesis involves increased sebum production, follicular hyperkeratinization, microbial colonization, and inflammation. Early diagnosis and effective management are crucial to prevent scarring and mitigate psychosocial consequences. This narrative review aims to synthesize current insights into the etiology, clinical presentation, and management of acne vulgaris in adolescents. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify recent studies and guidelines on acne vulgaris published within the last decade. Articles were screened for relevance, focusing on adolescent populations, advances in pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, and therapeutic strategies. Data on conventional treatments, emerging therapies, and preventive approaches were critically analyzed and synthesized. Conclusion: Acne vulgaris in adolescents presents with diverse clinical manifestations, ranging from non-inflammatory comedones to severe nodulocystic lesions. Management requires a multifaceted approach, including tailored topical and systemic therapies, lifestyle modifications, and psychological support. Advances in understanding acne pathogenesis, particularly the role of the skin microbiome and inflammatory pathways, have opened avenues for innovative treatments, including biologics, light-based therapies, and nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems. A holistic and personalized approach is essential to optimize outcomes, minimize scarring, and address the psychosocial impact of acne vulgaris in this vulnerable population.