A Systematic Literature Review of Information Security Practices in Higher Education Contexts

Abstract

Information security in institutions of higher learning is a persistent challenge that requires immediate attention. The plethora of reported information security breaches in higher education institutions (HEIs) corroborates this. This study reviews 358 articles from reputable journals and databases, synthesized following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses framework, to examine the information security practices of HEIs in the last 5 years. This study reveals that information security in HEIs is best advanced through a holistic strategy that integrates adaptive policy frameworks, continuous and context‐specific training, resilient organizational culture, and judicious deployment of technological innovations. While existing approaches have improved compliance and risk mitigation, persistent gaps in implementation, resource allocation, and cultural alignment limit their overall impact. By synthesizing insights from policy, training, cultural, and technological perspectives, this research underscores the need for socio‐technical approaches that recognize human behavior as a pivotal determinant of institutional resilience. Furthermore, the analysis highlights how emerging technologies, such as AI‐driven threat detection and blockchain, can only achieve their transformative potential when embedded within inclusive governance structures and culturally supportive environments. The contribution of this study lies in demonstrating that sustainable cybersecurity in higher education requires a shift from fragmented interventions toward integrated, system‐wide frameworks that harmonize people, processes, and technology. Such an approach not only strengthens protection of academic and research assets but also provides a foundation for long‐term adaptability in the face of evolving cyber threats. The study advances an information security conceptual model and identifies gaps for areas of further research.