review · Energy & Fuels
The transition from fossil fuels to sustainable alternatives has highlighted biodiesel as an environmentally friendly option, yet industrial-scale production remains constrained by high costs. Addressing these financial barriers requires highly efficient catalysts featuring abundant active sites to boost fuel yield and quality. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising porous catalytic materials for converting oils, fats, and fatty acids into biodiesel. Their adjustable pore dimensions and topological structures provide adaptable foundations for tailoring active reaction sites to specific conversion pathways. An analysis of these materials examines the underlying catalytic mechanisms, compares MOFs with alternative catalysts, and outlines techniques for integrating active sites. Prevailing technical limitations and future research directions are also identified to improve understanding of MOF capabilities in the biodiesel sector.
Cleaner renewable fuels like biodiesel are vital for reducing reliance on depleting fossil energy and mitigating environmental pollution. However, industrial adoption depends on lowering manufacturing costs. Developing better catalysts from versatile porous materials can make renewable fuel synthesis more efficient and commercially viable, facilitating a smoother transition toward sustainable transport and energy systems.
The work relates to industrial biodiesel refining, targeting biofuel manufacturers seeking to lower processing costs and increase fuel yield from oils and fatty acids. Because the findings focus on conceptual mechanisms, catalyst properties, and unresolved technical limitations, the application remains at an early stage of research and laboratory assessment rather than near-market deployment.
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The rapid depletion of fossil-derived fuels along with rising environmental pollution have motivated academics and manufacturers to pursue more environmentally friendly and sustainable energy options in today’s globe. Biodiesel has developed as an ecologically favorable alternative. However, the mass manufacturing of biodiesel on an industrial scale confronts substantial cost and pricing challenges. To address this issue, high-efficiency catalysts with a large number of active sites are needed, resulting in increased biodiesel output and quality. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have received a lot of interest as a catalyst for converting oils/fats or fatty acids into biodiesel. MOFs are polyporous materials that can alter pore size as well as topological structure. They serve as a versatile foundation for designing active sites to satisfy the unique needs of catalytic reactions and conversion pathways. The purpose of this current work is to shed light on the underlying mechanisms and essential properties of MOF-based catalysts used in biodiesel synthesis. In addition, several methods for connecting active sites inside MOFs are scrutinized, while the properties and usability of MOF-based catalysts for the biodiesel production process are completely compared to other catalysts. More importantly, limits and future research directions about the utilization of MOFs in the biodiesel synthesis route are also critically presented. In general, this review contributes to improved awareness about the potential of MOFs in the biodiesel production sector by investigating the primary mechanism and characteristics of MOF-based catalysts.
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DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04203
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