A Review on Biochar in Agriculture: Production, Applications, and Impacts

Abstract

Biochar, a carbon-rich material derived from biomass pyrolysis, is increasingly recognized for its potential in sustainable agriculture. Its unique physical and chemical properties enhance soil fertility, water retention, and nutrient availability, while also acting as a long-term carbon sink that mitigates greenhouse gas emissions. Despite these advantages, there remains a significant knowledge gap regarding its long-term agronomic impacts particularly on crop yield sustainability. Certain studies have observed a sustained 9% increase in maize yield even ten years after a single biochar application, while others report no yield improvement after six years. This review examines biochar production processes, emphasizing how feedstock type and pyrolysis conditions influence its properties and agricultural performance. It synthesizes evidence on biochar’s role in improving soil health, boosting crop productivity, supporting microbial activity, and enhancing resilience to climate variability. Furthermore, it critically assesses the environmental benefits, potential to reduce synthetic fertilizer dependency, and constraints related to cost, scalability, and adoption. By addressing the uncertainty surrounding long-term yield outcomes, his review clarifies biochar’s role in climate-resilient and sustainable farming systems and aims to guide future research and policy directions.