A cross-sectional analysis of prevalence and risk factors for HIV, HBV and HCV among hemodialysis patients from Buea, Cameroon

Abstract

Hemodialysis patients are at increased risk of acquiring blood-borne infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections because of their susceptibility to invasive procedures and their immunosuppressive state. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HIV, HBV, and HCV among hemodialysis patients at the Buea Regional Hospital (BRH) and identify potential risk factors for transmission. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2024 among patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis at the BRH, Cameroon. A minimum sample size of 88 participants was calculated; 100 eligible patients were enrolled. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to assess sociodemographic characteristics, risk factors, and knowledge of HIV, HBV, and HCV. Serological testing for HIV, HBV, and HCV was performed using rapid diagnostic test kits according to manufacturers’ instructions. Infection prevention practices were assessed through direct observation of hemodialysis sessions. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics version 22.0, with associations assessed at p < 0.05. The prevalence rates of HIV, HBV, and HCV were 17.0%, 9.0%, and 3.0%, respectively. HIV positivity was significantly associated with lower education and a history of sexually transmitted infections. Most participants demonstrated moderate to good knowledge of these infections; however, only 38% recognized HBV as vaccine-preventable, and just 5% reported receiving the vaccine. Observations revealed gaps in infection control, including inadequate hand hygiene and absence of dedicated areas for patients with known infections. Hemodialysis patients at BRH carry a high burden of blood-borne infections. Strengthened vaccination programs, improved infection control, and larger multi-center studies are needed to reduce transmission risks among patients with chronic kidney disease in Cameroon.