review · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
Bisphenol S has emerged as a common replacement for bisphenol A, but it poses serious concerns because of its widespread presence, endocrine-disrupting characteristics, and toxicity to aquatic organisms. Microplastics represent a growing potential source of this pollutant in water systems. Addressing this contamination requires effective removal techniques, which primarily encompass sorption, biodegradation, and advanced oxidation processes. While bisphenol S is biodegradable, the breakdown process can require prolonged periods. Sorption and chemical oxidation offer alternative treatment options, breaking down the compound into primary intermediates such as p-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid. However, the efficiency of these remediation methods is heavily influenced by surrounding water chemistry, including pH levels, ionic strength, dissolved anions, and surfactants. Significant technical challenges and knowledge gaps remain regarding how effectively these biological and chemical remediation approaches perform within complex, real-world aquatic environments.
Bisphenol S was introduced to replace bisphenol A, yet it presents similar hazards to aquatic ecosystems and public health as an endocrine disruptor. Because this persistent contaminant enters water systems and may be carried by microplastics, understanding how to neutralise it using filtration, oxidation, and biological degradation is vital for protecting clean water resources and designing safer environmental treatment standards.
This synthesis informs the development of water treatment systems and filtration technologies for municipal utilities and industrial effluent treatment facilities. The described techniques, including advanced oxidation and sorption, represent early-stage to lab-scale remediation concepts. Substantial hurdles remain before commercial deployment, as testing must move beyond controlled conditions to address the interference of complex water chemistry and real-world conditions found in actual contaminated wastewater streams.
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Bisphenols have drawn increasing attention from regulatory agencies and scientific communities due to their widespread occurrences, distribution and endocrine disrupting effects, and severe toxicity. As one of the bisphenol A (BPA) substitutes, bisphenol S (BPS) is most frequently detected in the environment. Although numerous studies have shown its occurrence, distribution, and toxicity to certain aquatic species, investigation on BPS removal from aqueous environments is lacking. Thus, in this review, we summarize the state-of-art about BPS removal approaches including biodegradation, sorption, and advanced oxidation processes. Particular attention has been paid to the BPS sorption mechanisms, active species for BPS biodegradation, and the corresponding degradation pathways. The primary degradation intermediates formed during BPS oxidation (e.g. p-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid) are discussed. The effects of solution chemistry (pH, ionic strength, anion, and surfactants) on BPS decontamination are also emphasized. In addition, knowledge gaps, current challenges, and future research needs of BPS decontamination in real environments have been discussed briefly. Through this review we demonstrate the overarching scientific opportunities for a comprehensive understanding of the efficiency and mechanisms of the bio-and chemical remediation approaches of BPS contaminated water. HighlightsMicroplastics may become a new source of bisphenol S (BPS) in aquatic environment.BPS is biodegradable but it may take a long time.Major mechanisms for BPS sorption are summarized and discussed.BPS degradation mechanisms and pathways are summarized.
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DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2019.1629802
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