article · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics
Wind and solar power intermittency requires energy storage systems in hybrid microgrids. A coordinated multi-timescale model predictive control strategy has been designed to manage a microgrid combining renewable energy sources and hydrogen energy storage across daily and regulation service markets. The framework uses a two-tier control architecture. A high-layer controller schedules hydrogen production and consumption over the long term to satisfy load demand, minimise operating expenses, and maximise revenue from electricity market participation. Meanwhile, a low-layer controller addresses short-term operations in the real-time market by correcting forecast deviations, enforcing equipment operational limits, and smoothing the electrical power supplied to the grid. Testing via numerical simulations and a laboratory-scale microgrid setup demonstrated that this management approach meets operational constraints and energy needs while reducing device costs and limiting state switching in hydrogen equipment, thereby prolonging equipment life.
Integrating intermittent renewables like wind and solar into electricity networks requires reliable storage and steady power output. Hydrogen storage offers substantial capacity, but operating equipment across volatile electricity markets can cause wear. This multi-timescale management system balances economic market participation with equipment protection, smoothing the delivery of power to the main grid while extending the working life of expensive hydrogen infrastructure.
This control system could be utilised by microgrid operators, renewable energy developers, and utilities seeking to combine hydrogen storage with wind and solar assets participating in daily and regulation energy markets. Having been tested in numerical simulations and a physical laboratory-scale setup, the technology is at an applied research stage and requires testing in full-scale operational environments before commercial adoption.
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The intermittency of renewable energy sources (RESs) leads to the incorporation of energy storage systems into microgrids (MGs). In this article, a novel strategy based on model predictive control is proposed for the management of a wind–solar MG composed of RESs and a hydrogen energy storage system. The system is involved in the daily and regulation service markets, characterized by different timescales. The long-term operations related to the daily market are managed by a high-layer control, which schedules the hydrogen production and consumption to meet the load demand, maximizes the revenue by participating in the electricity market, and minimizes the operational costs. The short-term operations related to the real-time market are managed by a low-layer control (LLC), which corrects the deviations between the actual and forecasted conditions, by optimizing the power production according to the participation in the market and the short-term dynamics and constraints of the equipment. In addition, the LLC is in charge of smoothing the power provided to the grid. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the strategy effectively operates the MG by satisfying constraints and energy demands while minimizing device costs. Moreover, when compared to other strategies, the controller yields fewer state switches in the hydrogen devices, thus extending their lifespan. The efficacy of the control strategy is further validated through a lab-scale MG setup.
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DOI: 10.1109/tii.2024.3396343
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