A Comprehensive Review on ZrO 2 ‐Based Nanoceramic Materials for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Recalcitrant Dye Pollutant

Abstract

ABSTRACT The persistent occurrence of hazardous dye pollutants in the environment, especially water bodies, has continued to be a global concern due to their continuous release from various sources, particularly industries. These pollutants are resistant to natural and conventional water self‐cleanup and capable of inducing ecotoxicological effects. Among advanced oxidation processes, photocatalysis has gained considerable attention as an efficient and sustainable method for the degradation and mineralization of dye pollutants. Within this context, zirconium dioxide (ZrO 2 )‐based nanomaterials (ZDBNs) have emerged as promising photocatalysts owing to their excellent chemical stability, tunable surface properties, high thermal resistance, low toxicity, and strong oxidative potential. This study provides a comprehensive and up‐to‐date review of ZrO 2 ‐based nanomaterials for photocatalytic degradation of dyes in an aqueous environment. To establish the foundation of the discussion, the review highlights the crystal structure and unique properties of ZDBNs. Then, the fundamental principle of the dye photocatalytic degradation mechanism by ZDBNs was succinctly underscored. Subsequently, performance trends in the degradation of various dye pollutants under light exposure were critically and comparatively analyzed. Furthermore, photocatalyst stability, regenerability, reusability, and structural durability are evaluated to assess long‐term applicability and economic value. The review also addresses scalability challenges to determine the industrial prospects of ZrO 2 ‐based photocatalytic systems. Finally, future research perspectives are presented to provide a strategic framework for the rational design of highly efficient, visible‐light‐responsive, stable, and environmentally sustainable ZrO 2 ‐based photocatalysts for dye effluent remediation.