A Comprehensive Review on the Production, Cultural, and Medicinal Applications of Cannabis Plant for Sustainable Economic Development

Abstract

Cannabis sativa is a versatile plant which is recognized as an exceptional carbon sink and sustainable biofuel that addresses economic, environmental, and social dimensions. Its cultivation has historically been prohibited in many countries due to its psychoactive effects. However, the global movement towards the legalisation and decriminalisation for its medicinal and industrial uses has recently intensified, prompting new research into its botanical, ecological, and agronomic aspects. This review explored the available scientific information for a holistic and understanding of the Cannabis’ medicinal and industrial applications. The review applied a systematic literature review guided by PRISMA principles to synthesize published work on Cannabis sativa. Peer-reviewed and grey literature were sourced from multiple databases and repositories using defined keywords. No lower time limit was applied, and literature coverage published work up to December 2023. After screening 625 records, 180 studies were retained and thematically grouped into six areas: historical or cultural significance, legality, botanical and chemical characterization, agronomic practices, medicinal potential, and economic contributions. A narrative synthesis highlighted key findings, contradictions, and knowledge gaps, while noting potential biases such as English-only sources and uneven geographic representation. The study further discussed the historical overview of cannabis, current global scenarios and legality issues, classification concerning botany and cannabinoid contents, agronomic and ecological practices, chemical composition, its biological activities, and economic importance. The study concludes that by balancing economic growth with environmental stewardship and cultural preservation, cannabis can be a promising cornerstone crop for sustainable development in South Africa and globally in the 21st century.