review · IEEE Access
The increasing integration of distributed energy resources into modern power systems helps meet electricity demand and reduces environmental impact, but high penetration levels can degrade operational performance and power quality, particularly within low-voltage distribution networks. Addressing these disruptions requires accurate estimation and optimisation of grid hosting capacity, which typically requires extensive communication infrastructure that is difficult to justify without clear financial returns. This study examines historical definitions of hosting capacity alongside contemporary performance indices and evaluation methods for active distribution networks. These networks incorporate energy storage, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, hydrogen systems, sector coupling, and multi-carrier energy frameworks supplying electrical, thermal, and cooling demands. It surveys modern evaluation approaches, specifically data-driven techniques and software used to simulate real networks, while discussing operational factors, energy market developments, and current challenges.
Connecting renewable energy, battery storage, and electric vehicles to existing electricity networks can strain grid equipment and cause voltage instabilities. Understanding how to model and maximise network hosting capacity ensures that grids can incorporate clean energy technologies safely, preventing power quality disruptions while accommodating growing demands across electricity, heating, and cooling sectors.
The insights could inform grid simulation software and analytical tools used by electricity distribution network operators, utilities, and energy management firms. Because the abstract describes a review of evaluation methods, simulation tools, and market trends rather than a tested product, the underlying concepts remain at an early-stage or methodological level, with real-world implementation dependent on viable financial cases for network communication infrastructure.
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Recently, several types of distributed energy resources (DERs) have been developed to reduce the environmental impact and support the global demand for electrical energy. However, the continuous penetration of the DERs into modern power systems (MPSs) may cause several adverse impacts in terms of operation performance indices (PIs) and power quality issues, especially in low-voltage distribution systems (LVDSs). To cope with these serious impacts and achieve optimal control, the hosting capacity (HC) of DERs must be accurately estimated and optimally optimized. However, it requires an extensive communication infrastructure, which is hardly offered without clear financial benefits. In this regard, this article investigates the historical developments of HC definitions as well as the recent developments in terms of operational performance indices, and estimation methods for active distribution networks (ADNs) with the high-penetration level existence of the DERs, energy storage systems (ESSs), electric vehicle (EV) charging systems, sector coupling, hydrogen technologies, and multi-carrier energy systems (MESs) to deal with electrical, thermal, and cooling demands. In this regard, this review article is intended to exhibit an appropriate reference for comprehensive research trends in HC estimation and optimization based on ADNs. Additionally, it involves and covers most current research HC topics in detail compared to other published review articles. Moreover, the authors deliberate the recent approaches for evaluating and improving the HC, especially concerning data-driven methods, with the aid of various software for simulating real systems. Moreover, modern research trends and main factors of MPS operations are deliberated with current energy market developments. Also, prominent challenges, current status, and future aspects are discussed.
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DOI: 10.1109/access.2024.3359431
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