review · Pathogens
Egypt's geographic position and high population density shape the transmission of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface. While some pathogens such as MERS-CoV and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus are exotic, others like brucellosis, schistosomiasis, and avian influenza remain endemic. Cross-border pathogen movement occurs through migratory birds and the trade of live animals. Knowledge gaps persist regarding local epidemiology, yet targeted control programmes have successfully reduced the prevalence of conditions such as fascioliasis and schistosomiasis in certain areas. Controlling pathogens and multidrug-resistant bacteria within the veterinary sector is essential for protecting human health. Mitigating disease burden requires collaborative surveillance, intervention strategies, and sustained education and training programmes for high-risk populations, including veterinarians, farmers, abattoir workers, and nurses.
Zoonotic diseases pass between animals and humans, posing severe public health and economic risks in densely populated regions. Identifying transmission routes, such as livestock trade and bird migration, helps authorities develop targeted veterinary interventions and protection strategies for frontline agricultural and healthcare workers, preventing dangerous outbreaks before they spread widely into human communities.
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Egypt has a unique geographical location connecting the three old-world continents Africa, Asia and Europe. It is the country with the highest population density in the Middle East, Northern Africa and the Mediterranean basin. This review summarizes the prevalence, reservoirs, sources of human infection and control regimes of common bacterial, parasitic and viral zoonoses in animals and humans in Egypt. There is a gap of knowledge conerning the epidemiology of zoonotic diseases at the human-animal interface in different localities in Egypt. Some zoonotic agents are "exotic" for Egypt (e.g., MERS-CoV and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus), others are endemic (e.g., Brucellosis, Schistosomiasis and Avian influenza). Transboundary transmission of emerging pathogens from and to Egypt occurred via different routes, mainly importation/exportation of apparently healthy animals or migratory birds. Control of the infectious agents and multidrug resistant bacteria in the veterinary sector is on the frontline for infection control in humans. The implementation of control programs significantly decreased the prevalence of some zoonoses, such as schistosomiasis and fascioliasis, in some localities within the country. Sustainable awareness, education and training targeting groups at high risk (veterinarians, farmers, abattoir workers, nurses, etc.) are important to lessen the burden of zoonotic diseases among Egyptians. There is an urgent need for collaborative surveillance and intervention plans for the control of these diseases in Egypt.
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DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6030033
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