1,2,4-Triazole-Tethered Indolinones as New Cancer-Fighting Small Molecules Targeting VEGFR-2: Synthesis, Biological Evaluations and Molecular Docking

Abstract

Targeting the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway is an inveterate approach toward combating pancreatic and hepatocellular cancers. Based on Sunitinib, the FDA-approved VEGFR-2 inhibitor, novel indolin-2-one-triazole hybrids were designed and synthesized as anti-hepatocellular and anti-pancreatic cancer agents with VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity. All the targeted compounds were assessed for their anti-cancer activity, revealing IC₅₀ values extending from 0.17 to 4.29 µM for PANC1 and 0.58 to 4.49 µM for HepG2 cell lines. An extensive SAR study was conducted to explore the effect of different substituents along with <i>N</i>-alkylation. The potent anti-cancer analogs <b>11d</b>, <b>11e</b>, <b>11g</b>, <b>11k</b> and <b>14c</b> were evaluated for their VEGFR-2 inhibitory actions, where their IC₅₀ values ranged from 16.3 to 119.6 nM compared to Sorafenib, which revealed an IC₅₀ of 29.7 nM, having compound 11d as the most active analog. An in silico ADME study was performed to confirm the drug-likeness of the synthesized compounds. Finally, molecular docking simulation was conducted for the most potent VEGFR-2 inhibitor (<b>11d</b>), demonstrating the strong binding with the vital amino acid residues of the VEGFR-2 ATP binding site.